Who was John Quincy Adams' Vice President that wrote "Exposition and Protest"?

John Quincy Adams' Vice President, John C. Calhoun, is the correct answer because he authored "Exposition and Protest" in 1828. This document was a significant political statement in which Calhoun expressed his opposition to the Tariff of Abominations, a protective tariff that he believed unfairly harmed the Southern economy. His writing articulated the doctrine of nullification, which argued that states had the right to nullify federal laws they deemed unconstitutional. This concept became a critical part of the sectional tensions leading up to the Civil War.

In contrast, the other individuals listed were not associated with this document. Daniel Webster was a prominent senator and orator who engaged in debates regarding the Union and the Constitution, but he did not write "Exposition and Protest." James Madison was the fourth President and a key figure in the drafting of the Constitution but was not involved in Calhoun’s writings. Thomas Jefferson, although a significant figure in American history, was not Adams' Vice President and had already served as President prior to Adams' administration. Therefore, the association of Calhoun with this specific work is what makes him the correct answer.